Which Is Her Real Personality? All of Them

Stuart K. Hayashi



There is a hit video-game visual-novel called Slay the Princess. It’s independent, made mostly by a husband-and-wife team. What is meant by “visual novel” is that it’s a story told mostly in the form of illustrations, text, and voice-acting, but there are many areas in the story where you choose which path the characters will take, not knowing exactly where it will lead. In Japan, this genre is also called “dating simulators,” as these visual novels are mostly about romance. And Slay the Princess is very decidedly not an exception to that.

As are many others, I’m intrigued by how explicitly and unabashedly philosophical Slay the Princess is. There is even one point in the game where you can have the player character say, “Contradictions don’t exist.” Something about that line sounds familiar . . .

In the game, the titular princess can take on many forms. She has many facets, many alters. Some of them are benign. Others are very frightening. You might wonder which of these is her “real personality.” My answer is “All of them.” All of them show different-but-incomplete aspect of her. As in real-life mental health, it is important for all of these personalities ultimately to be integrated into a single whole — that is actually the root of the word integrity.

I’m going to embed some of my favorite YouTube videos that touch upon the philosophic ramifications.

 

 

 

So far, these have been my favorite YouTube “play-throughs” of it (the most famous one, not shown here, is by Markiplier).

 

Libertarians and the Myth of the Winner-Takes-All Patent Monopoly

Stuart K. Hayashi




The libertarian political movement claims to be all about free markets and privatization, and yet this is contradicted by its maligning of intellectual property rights. That is the movement’s party line, which dates at least as early as the 1970s. In that decade, Murray N. Rothbard and Roy A. Childs, Jr., began with misrepresenting the nature of patents. Samuel E. Konkin III and Wendy McElroy then added the mischaracterizations about copyrights.

According to the party-line straw man, an intellectual property right is an arrogant proclamation of a single party to be the exclusive owner of an “idea.” And this “idea,” continues the misrepresentation, is one upon which many other parties arrived on their own independently, but of which they are now deprived of implementing because that one other party has a government-enforced monopoly over it, the patent or copyright.

In the straw-man depiction provided by The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible, a lawyer gaining a patent on the axe confers upon him a seventeen-year monopoly on the general product category of “axe,” or, as Jonathan Gullible calls it, “SharpMetalOnAStick.” Further according to such an argument, were someone to have a U.S. utility patent on a “paperclip,” she would usurp a seventeen-year government-enfranchised monopoly on the production of paperclips. The same would apply to “electric can-openers” and “the mechanical pencil.”

As this narrative proclaims that only one party gets the patent, whereas all the other chronologically-parallel-inventing parties end up bereft of anything to show for their own respective research-and-development, such libertarians would have us believe that intellectual property rights are themed on “winner takes all.” And the government-decreed winner who takes all, a Rothbardian-anarchist libertarian tells us, is the one most skillful in cozying up to politicians and having pull with them. I call this the Myth of the Winner-Takes-All Race to Patent. It is also the Myth of the Winner-Takes-All Patent Monopoly.

It is time for us to look at the actual record.

Within a Span of Seventeen Years, Why Are There Multiple Patents on the Same Type of Product?
There are resources online whereby you can see actual U.S. patents, many dating all the way back to the nineteenth century. Such resources include Free Patents Online and Google Patents. Over the years I have gone through them and made tables of multiple U.S. utility patents on the same general category of product.

Here is a non-exhaustive table I compiled of various U.S. utility patents on “the paperclip” from the years 1867 to 1957 — a nine-decade duration.

Note the intervals of years between the patents: every interval is shorter than seventeen years. In effect, each U.S. utility patent on the paperclip was granted prior to the expiration of the one directly preceding it. Had it been true that a U.S. utility patent conferred a government-enforced monopoly on an industry and product category for a period of seventeen years, then how could this be? And if the first patent on a paperclip claimed ownership over the “idea” of “paperclip,” then why were there so many subsequent utility patents on the paperclip? Wouldn’t the U.S. Patent-and-Trademark Office have granted a single seventeen-year patent on “the paperclip” and thereafter been done with it?

The answer is in the convenient conflation when libertarians say that an intellectual property right is a demand that the government enforce someone’s monopoly on an “idea.” Here, the libertarian expects you to interpret “idea” as a general idea — a general idea for a general category of product, this one being “paperclip.” From that misreading, we are to assume that if in the year 1867 the U.S. Patent-and-Trademark Office (PTO) certified Samuel B. Fay’s rightful patent over his paperclip, that would preclude the U.S. PTO from certifying ten years later Erlman Wright’s patent on his own paperclip.

Actually a patent does not claim ownership over a general idea for a whole product category such as “paperclip,” and it does not grant to its owner a government-enforced monopoly on any industry — not for seventeen years or any other duration.

Rather, patents — this applies both to utility patents and design patents — are the State’s acknowledgment of a party’s already-existing rightful ownership over a specific original design, delineation, or configuration. The reason why there have historically been so many different U.S. utility patents on the paperclip for almost a century is that there have been differences in design in terms of the object’s exact shape and size and the material with which it is comprised.

In effect, a utility patent on a paperclip is not a utility patent on the paperclip. That applies even to the first-ever paperclip to be patented.

I have previously written another blog post that discusses other aspects of the fallacy of libertarian conflation about “ideas” — about their false insinuation that the patent arrogates to a single party some governmental control over just about any vague, hazy, broadly-defined and unrefined “idea” into which just about anyone can passively and serendipitously fall in. To stigmatize intellectual property rights as a government-enforced monopoly on an industry, it is important to libertarians that they mislead people into believing that patents are defined and enforced much more broadly than they truly are.

Both Utility Patents and Design Patents Are for Specific Original Designs
Yet another misconception must be cleared up with respect to the word design. There are occasionally some people who think of themselves as free-marketers — many of whom do not share in the Rothbardians’ vehemence against patents — who nonetheless misunderstand the distinction between “design patent” and “utility patent.” According to their misunderstanding, it is only design patents that protect a specific original design, whereas a utility patent’s enforceability is much broader and, unlike a design patent, does confer a government-enforced monopoly on an entire industry.

That misconception is belied by the fact that all of the U.S. patents listed in my “paperclip” table are utility patents, not design patents. A U.S. design patent is designated by its patent number beginning with the letter D.

Both utility patents and design patents are to protect only specific original designs. The actual distinction is this. A utility patent protects a specific design with respect to the aspects pertaining to its practical functionality. Conversely, a design patent protects a specific design with respect to the aspects pertaining to its aesthetic qualities.

When Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi drew up his plans for the Statue of Liberty, for it he earned U.S. Design Patent D110,23S. This was on account of how Bartholdi raised funding for Liberty by selling handheld replicas of her. He therefore did not want imitators to snatch the aesthetic of his work and produce their own statues in the exact likeness of a woman in Greco-Roman garb, adorned with a Mediterranean “radiate crown” and holding up a torch. Likewise, celebrated filmmaker George Lucas earned U.S. Design Patent D264,109S for his “Boba Fett action figure.” Lucas did not want other toymakers producing their own toys, absent of his authorization, that were in the exact likeness of his own Star Wars character Boba Fett. Ralph Lauren had U.S. Design Patent D319,932S on a bed of a particular shape and U.S. Design Patent D259,098S on the fancy appearance of a cologne bottle.

I hope that it is now clear that design patents are about artistic features, whereas utility patents are about operational features, and both types are on specific original designs — what, for further distinction, we might also call specific original configurations, delineations, or plans. In short, a design patent is on how a specific design looks, and a utility patent is on how a specific design operates. For another blog post of mine about the line of demarcation between utility patents and design patents, and how both pertain to discrete aspects of the design, you can go here.

Other Examples of How, Within Seventeen Years, There Can Be Multiple Utility Patents Within the Same General Type of Product
These principles are not confined to the market for paperclips. They also apply to a more-complex machine. Here I present a table I made on various U.S. utility patents on the electric can-opener from 1948 to 1990. Including all of 1948, that would be forty-three years. Mind you that this table does not even include patents on more-traditional manually-cranked can-openers. Even when it comes to the more-specific category of electric can-openers, there is this much variation.

Once again, when each U.S. utility patent to certify the already-existing moral right to one’s specific configuration is codified, it is prior to the expiration of the other patent on the electric can-opener that directly precedes it. Once again, there are differences in design with respect to the moving parts that turn the blade; there are differences in the location of the motor and on whether or not the electric can-opener needs to be held by hand as the motor turns the blade.

In January 2026 I decided to look into another invention, the mechanical pencil. You may have seen my drawings on my blog, and their first drafts begin with what I have done on paper using a mechanical pencil. The earliest-known patent on a mechanical pencil is said to be with silversmith Sampson Mordan and engineer John Isaac Hawkins in England in 1822. Similar patents followed in the USA some years later. Not all of these are recoverable, as a fire in Washington, D.C., destroyed many important federal government records, including many patent documents from the early nineteenth century. 

Still, from 1836 onward and going strong for a century, we see the same pattern as before: each patent was awarded while the preceding one from the same general product category was still active and enforceable. These early versions do not exactly match what we think of today when we say “mechanical pencil.” The earliest-known one that can be called a modern mechanical pencil — it has refillable pieces of pencil lead, with a mechanism inside the pencil that propels the lead out the cylinder’s tip — is from 1915 with Charles Keeran.

There were so many U.S. utility patents alone on the mechanical pencil, that I was able to make five tables. And even these are far from exhaustive. The tables range from the years 1836 to 2024 — a span exceeding 185 years. All the while, each new utility patent on the mechanical pencil arrived even as the one directly preceding it remained in effect.

There is great variety in the exact shapes of the parts of the mechanism that propels the pencil lead through the cannister; they come in pieces varying in number and material. In the final table you can see the brand that I use: Pentel of Japan.

Someone prolific in the list of inventors was “Lucifer J. Most.” Another one was “Christ Andonov.” Among the respective inventors of the mechanical pencil are Lucifer and Christ.

How Competitive Was the Market for Incandescent Lightbulbs in the Timespan When Thomas Edison’s Patent Was Most Strongly Upheld and Enforced?
Someone else who looked into these matters was associate professor John Howells of Aarhus University in Denmark. He and Ron Katznelson have busted four myths (1, 2–4 )that are routinely presented as case studies in how patents have supposed slowed down technological innovation. One such myth is that Thomas Edison’s U.S. Utility Patent No. 223,898A — on the incandescent lightbulb with a high-resistance carbon filament — awarded in the year 1880, slowed down improvements in this industry. The U.S. Supreme Court definitively upheld this patent in the year 1892 and it was set to expire in 1897. Were the “monopoly” narrative accurate, this five-year period would be one where Edison did the most to exercise his monopoly powers, such as in hiking prices.

John Howells shows that, in fact, it was in this five-year duration that incandescent lightbulbs had their steepest drop in real price. 

The reason is that patent law allows for the principle of “design-around.” In “design-around,” a party’s engineers examine the specific task a patented or likely-to-be-patented configuration performs, and then seek to produce their own configuration that performs that same task through an alternative route or method. With respect to incandescent lightbulbs, Edison’s competitors came up with their own unique configurations — on which they received their own respective U.S. utility patents — that performed the same tasks as Edison’s.

Anticipating the 1880 approval of Edison’s carbon-filament incandescent lightbulb patent, inventor William E. Sawyer and attorney Albon Man arrived at their own version in 1878, U.S. Utility Patent No. 205,144A. Working in Great Britain, Joseph Swan had his own version receive a U.S. utility patent also in 1880 — U.S. Utility Patent No. 234,345A. The prolific Black inventor Lewis Latimer, whom Edison would hire two years later, produced his own competitive version in 1882, U.S. Utility Patent No. 252,386A. And Hiram Maxim, who today is most-remembered for his automatic machine gun, did his own design-arounds. In 1880 he was awarded U.S. Utility Patent No. 230,309A, and, in 1881, it was U.S. Utility Patent No. 237,198A and U.S. Utility Patent No. 247,380A. In 1891 Reginald Fessenden, who would later be renowned much more widely for his developments in radio, gained U.S. Utility Patent No. 452,494A. In 1893, William Emery Nickerson and Edward Egbert Cary received U.S. Utility Patent No.507,558A.

Companies in competition against Edison in the electric lighting business clamored to pay licensing fees for these other patents. George Westinghouse — Thomas Edison’s main rival in this industry — paid licensing fees on William E. Sawyer’s patent (1, 2). The Beacon Vacuum Pump and Electrical Company paid royalties to William Nickerson and Edward Cary for theirs.

As U.S. utility patents are on specific original configurations and not on the general idea, that the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Edison’s 1880 patent in 1892 was unable to withhold from the market the incandescent lightbulbs configured in the patents of William E. Sawyer and William Nickerson. And to keep up with the competition from these other versions of the incandescent lightbulb, in the period ranging from 1892 to his patent’s scheduled expiration in 1897, Edison still had to cut his own prices.

John Howells and Ron Katznelson explicate what should now be clear: “...a patent is not an economic monopoly...”

What About the Claim That Multiple Parties, All Unknown to the Others, All Arrive at the Same Invention Chronologically Parallel to Each Other?
Left to be addressed is the allegation that multiple parties, each unbeknownst to the others, all arrive at the exact same invention at the exact same time. What actually happens is that separate parties, working independently of one another, arrive at the same general idea within relatively close temporal proximity to one another. The exact specific original designs, though, are different, and it is not unusual when these parties each obtain their own specific patent. When these parties dispute one another in court, it has to do with “overlap” in terms of the aspects of their respective designs that are similar.

One such example, provided by Adam Mossoff (1, 2) is with different sewing machines patented by Elias Howe and Isaac Merritt Singer, the latter being the namesake behind Singer Sewing Machines. They eventually resolved the disputes by pooling all of their patents into a single trust — a patent pool. Such patent pools are not uncommon.

Another case study has to do with the integrated circuit that is vital to today’s personal computers. At Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce came up with one version, and, with another Fairchild cohort, he would co-found Intel with this invention as its basis. And within a short distance of time, Jack Kilby had his own version at Texas Instruments. Kilby’s patent was on the body of the device on its own, whereas Noyce’s placed more emphasis on the arrangement in which this was to be connected with other components.

With respect to where the two patents were similar, the two firms eventually arrived at something else that would become commonplace — a cross-licensing agreement. This meant that each company could use both its own patents and the other’s as far as the integrated circuit was concerned.

That is not the winner-takes-all model that the Rothbardians promulgate.

To reiterate, the Rothbardian narrative against patents, such as in The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible, is that many parties invent the same “idea” at the same time, and, with but one of these parties gaining the patent-enforced monopoly, the R-and-D of the other simultaneously-inventive firms come to nothing. And, concludes the Rothbardian misrepresentation, the one solution to this dilemma is nothing short of the abolition of intellectual property rights outright.

And as we see with the sewing machine and the integrated circuit, the reality is far different.

Let us imagine that within times relatively close to each other, seven separate firms independently arrive at the same general idea. Those seven firms each receive their own patent, but, at first, there is difficulty in terms of similarities among the patents. Here we find that it is not the case that but one of the firms receive the patent and the other six see their efforts wasted. Rather, they have a cross-licensing agreement. Note how this is solved without capitulation to the drastic demands of the patent-hating libertarians.

In the patent pool, the firms that have invested their own resources into research-and-development still reap the benefits of that effort. Commensurately, the many-more firms out there that made zero contributions to that same R-and-D are not able to pilfer, through piracy, the specific original configurations resulting from that R-and-D. But, had the patent-hating libertarians gotten their way, the firms that invested no R-and-D would be able to free-ride off the seven firms that did do the R-and-D.

Clearing Up What the U.S. Constitution’s Copyright Clause Means By Exclusive Right — Hint: Pay Attention to “Their Respective Writings and Discoveries”
With this understanding, we can observe the clause in the U.S. Constitution that enshrines copyrights and patents. Pertinent here, we can ascertain how the opponents of intellectual property rights mischaracterize the meaning of the clause. U.S. Congress, says the document, is tasked “to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.”

The patent-haters seize on that phrase exclusive right and misrepresent that as a State-enforced monopoly. But here we should see that a party has an exclusive right to what that particular party originated. Suppose you claim a plot of wilderness and improve upon it and then live on it, with the State recognizing that homestead as your private property. That would not confer upon you a State-enforced monopoly on the entire real estate market. Likewise, points out Revolutionary Era attorney Daniel Webster, a “man’s right to his own invention ...is no more a monopoly for him to possess ...than to possess his own homestead.”

We can see that with U.S. utility patents on the mechanical pencil. Lucifer J. Most’s 1939 U.S. utility patent on his own mechanical pencil was an exclusive right on this particular configuration. Note from the table above that in the seventeen years that followed, the patent did not confer upon Mr. Most some State-enforced monopoly on mechanical pencils. 

The essential phrase in the Copyright Clause is not exclusive right but respective writings and discoveries. Let us read the clause again, this time with Lucifer J. Most’s situation in mind: “...securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries” (emphasis added). Here, respective means that Lucifer Most’s U.S. utility patent covers only the specifics on what he originated. 

Mr. Most did not originate mechanical pencils in general, and the patent does not secure for him any exclusive right over the entire market for mechanical pencils. Nor was it secured for his predecessor in producing the overall modern and general version of the mechanical pencil that we use in the present, Charles R. Keeran in 1915. Lucifer J. Most did originate, though, his own specific arrangement of the inner workings of a mechanical pencil. Hence, the U.S. Constitution is securing for him the exclusive right over his respective “writings and discoveries,” meaning the specific aspects he devised himself. And, thankfully, throughout our history the U.S. courts have been remarkably consistent in respecting that distinction.

Indeed, the absurdity of the libertarian accusation that intellectual property rights are a government-enforced monopoly on an industry is even more apparent when applied to copyrights than it is with utility patents. His copyrights on his Percy Jackson series of books don’t give Rick Riordan a State-enforced monopoly on the literature market. He has a “monopoly” only on his specific Percy Jackson prose, as he should, as he is the one who composed it.

Conclusion: The Original Intellectual Property Right 

Daniel Webster is apt in identifying the connection between the right to homestead and the right to patent — the former forms the basis of the latter. And this exposes yet another self-contradiction of the Rothbardians who hate intellectual property rights so much. They denounce intellectual property rights and yet wax enthusiastically about John Locke’s discussion of how, by improving the land he has settled on, the homesteader gains proper ownership over it. Indeed, the homestead is the original intellectual property right. Karl Marx wanted to pretend that this right was all about the physical toiling. But such toiling improves the land no more than the extent to which it has been properly planned — the work of the intellect, of the mind. The homesteader has to identify the right crops suited to this environment. The homesteader has to plan properly in the irrigation.

Just as with works that are patented and copyrighted, it is through the devising of a rational plan — the proper configuration and design — that the homesteader produces, from the homestead, a net increase in economic value. And as with the patenter and copyrighter, this is a newly emergent value that had not previously existed or circulated anywhere in any society’s economy. The homesteading principle that the Rothbardians worship is the origin of the intellectual property right that these same Rothbardians try to deny.

Sensory Observation Does Prove the Existence of Atoms

Stuart K. Hayashi




I have heard people say, “I’ve never seen an isolated atom, and yet I know atoms exist. Therefore, you can know something exists even if its existence has never been confirmed by sensory evidence.” But the truth is that atomic theory is indeed confirmed by sensory evidence. Chemical formulae in a compound — such as how, in water, for every one atom of oxygen, there are two atoms of hydrogen — are a model to explain the principles in Nature, and, the accuracy of that model is verified in how it is used successfully to make predictions that are confirmed, accordingly, by sensory observation to be likewise accurate. The following essay is inspired by discussions of similar points in David Harriman’s book The Logical Leap.

It was through sensory observation that in the years from 1797 to 1799 the tirelessly working chemist Joseph-Louis Proust had discovered the Law of Definite Proportions. The chemical compound he used was copper carbonate — CuCO3. He found that regardless of how the copper carbonate was procured, and no matter the quantity it was in, the mass ratio of copper to carbon to oxygen will consistently be a respective 5.3 to 1 to 4. Whatever quantity of copper carbonate you have, for every 5.3 grams of copper it has, it will correspondingly have 1 gram of carbon and 4 grams of oxygen. Within any chemical compound, the separate elements only could always configure together in the same proportions to one another like that

1. if each element ultimately consisted of tiny microscopic units that could not be divisible any further at the chemical level, and
2. if the chemically-indivisible units of each element bonded with the others always in the same ratio to one another.

That is how we know that a chemical compound can be reduced to separate molecules, and that each molecule of the compound consists of two or more elements with each element coming in a whole-number of chemically-indivisible units (no fractions or decimals for each number of atoms in the molecule).

Proust was able to measure the quantity of the mass of copper, carbon, and oxygen each in his samples of copper carbonate as he knew how to trigger particular chemical reactions to break down the copper carbonate into its separate elements. He heated the copper carbonate to evaporate the water and carbon dioxide. This left him with copper oxide (the result of a bond between copper and oxygen). Then, using hydrogen but not adding it, Proust was able to remove the oxygen, leaving only the pure copper. As measurements of weight were a reliable proxy for measuring mass, Proust weighed the remaining sample at each stage of the process. First he weighed the complete copper carbonate. Then he weighed the separate copper oxide, water, and carbon dioxide. Finally he weighed the remaining sample of pure copper. You can see an English translation of his own description of the procedure over here. All this involved direct sensory inputs.

Joseph-Louis Proust could not see any isolated atoms. But he did use his senses directly in measuring the quantity of each element’s mass within the compound and observing first-hand how consistent was the ratio in the quantity of mass for each element as compared to the others.

Proust observed directly through his senses the consistency of his Law of Definite Proportions. What explained this consistent principle was that, on a microscopic level, the copper carbonate consisted of tiny uniform particles, molecules. And furthermore, within each molecule were no-further-chemically-divisible units of copper, carbon, and oxygen each coming in a whole number of units, with the whole numbers of units for each of those respective elements themselves always coming in the same ratio to one another. That no-further-divisible-at-the-chemical-level units for each of those respective elements always came in a fixed ratio to one another within the copper carbonate explained why the respective directly-observed masses of those elements always arrived in a fixed ratio to one another.

Likewise, no matter the quantity of water you have, the mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen will always be 1 to 8. For every one gram of hydrogen, there will always be eight grams of oxygen. This only could have been true if, at the chemical level, water consisted of tiny microscopic particles (molecules) in which there was an arrangement where a particular whole-number of no-further-divisible units of hydrogen existed in a constant ratio to a whole-number of likewise-no-further-divisible units of oxygen. Remembering the ancient Greek idea of Leucippus and Democritus that all matter might ultimately consist of microscopic further-irreducible units, physicist John Dalton gave these chemically no-further-indivisible units the same name that these presocratic philosophers did: atoms.

Joseph-Louis Proust’s findings were corroborated further by the similarly-named Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. Gay-Lussac found through his experimentation that whenever the gasified elements with which he experimented bonded with one another to form compounds, their respective volumes had to be in whole-number ratios to cause such a reaction. Through his sensory observation of his measurements, he detected that it always took two exact liters of hydrogen gas to react with an exact single liter of oxygen to produce two exact liters of gasified water — water vapor. Likewise, it was consistent that a single liter of hydrogen gas reacted with a single liter of chlorine to produce two exact liters of hydrogen chloride.

From Gay-Lussac’s experiments Amedeo Avogadro induced the theory that when two different elements in gas form are each in containers of the same volume to one another, each container contains the same number of molecules as the other. And a noble gas can consist of single-atom molecules. The two liters of hydrogen with which Gay-Lussac started the trial consisted of the same number of molecules as the two liters of water vapor at that trial’s conclusion. The findings of both Proust and Gay-Lussac were synthesized to arrive at measurements of the mass of each uniform atom of each element.

Clearly, no one can observe the mass or weight of an isolated atom. But from experiments like Proust’s, John Dalton ascertained that the mass of an atom of a particular element would consistently be greater than the mass of an atom from another type of element. For example, an atom of oxygen will always be of greater mass than an atom of hydrogen. Hence, Dalton ascertained that the discrete masses of atoms from different elements could be found by comparing them against one another, with the consistent mass of an atom from a particular element —hydrogen — being used as the consistent standard.

Through successful repetition of Gay-Lussac’s trials, scientists ascertained that in water, each molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and a single oxygen atom. And as prior experimentations already demonstrated that in water, there are 8 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen, the atomic weight of oxygen could be ascertained. Using the mass of a hydrogen atom as the standard — the assigned atomic mass of hydrogen being “1” — it is the case that a single oxygen atom is of a mass sixteen times that of a hydrogen atom. Hence, the atomic mass of oxygen is 16.

This is the calculation. We are solving for the atomic mass of oxygen, y. The atomic mass of hydrogen is x. 2x/1y = 1/8. And we know x = 1. Therefore, 2/y = 1/8. And so y = 2 * 8 = 16.

Aristotle is not recorded to have conducted controlled experiments, but note that all controlled experiments rely on Aristotle’s Law of Identity. To the extent that the variables in two different samples are the same in the pertinent respect, they are of the same type. Everything in the control sample and the experimental are the same in the pertinent context except for the one variable being tested. Gay-Lussac’s experimental results were meaningful because all of the other variables (the volumes, the temperature, the pressure) were, in the pertinent context, the same. By having all variables in both the control sample and experimental sample being the same except for the one variable we are testing, we can ascertain that this one variable is what causes the differences in results between the control sample and experimental sample. Also, all equations, such as the one above, rely on the principle that if A equals B, and B equals C, then A equals C, and that itself is a rephrasing of the Law of Identity. Hence, although the man himself was doubtful that all matter ultimately consists of atoms, the application of Aristotle’s Law of Identity was crucial to the eventual validation of atomic theory.

It was through the application of the Law of Identity that Amedeo Avogadro ascertained that Gay-Lucsac’s findings could be applied to ascertaining the atomic masses of other elements. And once chemists and physicists figured out the atomic masses of copper (63.546) and carbon (12.011) respectively, they could go back to Joseph-Louis Proust’s findings about copper carbonate to ascertain that a molecule of copper carbonate consists of 1 copper atom, 1 carbon atom, and 3 oxygen atoms.

Yes, an isolated atom cannot be seen. But the model that says that all matter ultimately consists of atoms is a model that, when applied, is vindicated through its observed practical results. Sensory observations confirm the validity of atomic theory.

Happy Stu Year?

Stuart K. Hayashi

If some sardonic bully from an internet meme kept stopping Tiktaalik from crawling onto land — ostensibly because of something about modern life being so horrible that staying simpler and poorer in the water would have been preferable — I think Tiktaalik would try once again to make it onto land. I have decided I should be like Tiktaalik.

Dec. 31, 2019 was the first time I uploaded this image, hoping for a Happy Stu Year. Then in 2020, COVID conquered the world. I uploaded it again for Dec. 31, 2020. Twelve days after that, and my mother died suddenly and undexpectedly. Twelve days in, and 2021 was already the worst year of my life. I uploaded the image again for Dec. 31, 2021. In 2022, my father died. I uploaded it again for Dec. 31, 2022. The year 2023 was when I was threatened with something horrible and life-changing in its horribleness and cruelty. I uploaded the image yet again for Dec. 31, 2023. All throughout 2024, I lived in fear of that threat. I uploaded the image again for Dec. 31, 2024. In 2025, the life-changing threat against me was finally acted upon.

If I were still as superstitious as I was raised to be, I would think this image is cursed. But no, I am uploading it again. I think that’s what Tiktaalik would want of me. Here is hoping that in 2026, I will finally have a Happy Stu Year.

Since Its Opening, the Statue of Liberty Has Always Stood for Welcoming Immigrants at ‘the Open Gates of America’

Stuart K. Hayashi

In the United States, MAGA nationalists have gotten sick of hearing the fact that the Statue of Liberty 🗽 delivers a clear invitation to immigrants. These MAGA nationalists are immediately reminded of Emma Lazarus’s poem at the statue’s base where it welcomes the world’s tired and poor huddled masses. These MAGA nationalists recite their stock reply that the poem was only added seventeen years subsequent to the statue’s opening ceremony. They then proclaim that this means that the Statue of Liberty did not originally represent the freedom of immigration.

Donald Trump’s presidential advisor Stephen Miller, who is in charge of ICE’s cruel infractions, is among those who provide this revisionist history about the Statue. In 2017, he sniveled, “...the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of American liberty lighting the world. The poem that you’re referring to was added later [and] is not actually part of the original Statue of Liberty.”

That same year, the same opinion came from the late Rush Limbaugh. On the radio, Limbaugh pontificated,

...the Statue of Liberty and the Emma Lazarus poem is a great illustration of how immigration policy and the United States/Statue of Liberty has become bastardized. “Give us your tired, your poor” and so forth literally has nothing to do with the purpose of the United States.

In fact, it’s never been on the Statue. It is inside the pedestal. It was only put there when they put a museum in there. It was not part of the original Statue of Liberty. It was not part of the design. The statue was a gift to the United States from the people of France as a beacon of freedom and liberty. It’s a testament to our Founding and our Founding Fathers, and this Emma Lazarus poem had nothing to do with it. It had nothing whatsoever to do with it!

The poem was put in the pedestal museum because it was used as part of the fundraising for the pedestal. It’s been co-opted by immigration activists and leftists to actually [split infinitive 😣] now represent U.S. immigration policy, which it isn’t.

Actually, the Statue was associated with immigration at least as early as its opening ceremony in 1886 — seventeen years prior to the addition of Emma Lazarus’s poem. At the ceremony, the U.S. President of the time, Grover Cleveland, gave a speech to dedicate it. In the dedication, he alluded to immigration. And the term that the man used is noteworthy.

Anti-immigrationists frequently employ the term open borders as a pejorative. Yet President Cleveland spoke glowingly of how the Statue of Liberty stands before “the open gates of America.”

We know that Cleveland is here consciously alluding to immigration, as it was a topic on which he commented publicly throughout his presidential terms. He had generally wanted to favor immigrants from everywhere, but he was not completely consistent. When gangs of white-supremacists engaged in vigilante actions against Chinese immigrants, Cleveland properly condemned the violence. Yet, sadly, he ultimately capitulated to pressure from the racists and said that ultimately whites and those of East Asian descent could not coexist in the same neighborhoods. He thus relented to calls for restrictions on Chinese immigration.

Cleveland comes across better when it comes to the nativist clamor against other sets of immigrants they hated. At the time, those from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe were not considered white. They were darker-skinned and darker-haired and mostly were Catholic or Jewish, castigated as racially distinct from the lighter-skinned Protestant majority. As most of these immigrants were impecunious and not fluent in English, legislation to discriminate against them involved Congressional bills allowing immigration only from those who could write in English. Fortunately, Cleveland successfully vetoed those bills, explaining to Congress and the wider public,

It is said...that the quality of recent immigration is undesirable. The time is quite within recent memory when the same thing was said of immigrants who, with their descendants, are now numbered among our best citizens. . . .

I cannot believe that we would be protected against ...evils by limiting immigration to those who can read and write... In my opinion, it is infinitely more safe to admit a hundred thousand immigrants who, though unable to read and write, seek among us only a home and opportunity to work...

It is Cleveland’s position on this matter that informs his mention of the open gates of America — gates that, naturally, also should have been open to those from East Asia.

I also appreciate how President Cleveland praised Liberty as the USA’s own pagan goddess, a much better object of worship. Thus, in his public speech at the inauguration for the Statue of Liberty, President Cleveland orates,

We are not here to day to bow before the representation of a fierce and war-like god, filled with wrath and vengeance, but we joyously contemplate instead, our own deity keeping watch and ward before the open gates of America, and greater than all that have been celebrated in ancient song. Instead of grasping in her hand thunderbolts of terror and of death, she holds aloft the light which illumines the way to man’s enfranchisement.

We will not forget that Liberty has here made her home; nor shall her chosen altar be neglected. Willing votaries will constantly keep alive its fires, and these shall gleam upon the shores of our sister republic in the East [France]. Reflected thence and joined with answering rays, a stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man’s oppression, until liberty enlightens the world [boldface added].

Yes, Liberty has always stood for the application of her principles, foremost of which is the liberty to seek new opportunities in new lands. She stood for liberalized immigration at her opening ceremony. May she continue to stand for it today.

‘Top Gun: Maverick,’ Tom Cruise, and His Cruelty

Stuart K. Hayashi

 

 Having seen yet another adulatory Instagram post about Top Gun: Maverick, I can take no more. After everything the public has learned about undue pressure of women in Hollywood, it saddens me that this is still going on.

The cruelty that Tom Cruise and the Church of Scientology have inflicted upon the actress Nazanin Boniadi is unconscionable. Following Tom Cruise’s high-profile breakup with Penelope Cruz, Scientology leader David Miscavige decided that Tom Cruise needed a new girlfriend. Eventually they settled on Katie Holmes, someone who has, since then, thankfully escaped from the arrangement. Before Katie, however, they had eyes on someone else.

The Church “auditioned” several Scientology-member actresses for the role of Tom’s girlfriend. The one whom they selected was Nazanin Boniadi. However, during the initial “auditioning,” they did not inform her of the role they intended. They only told her that it was a “special assignment” for the Church. They then exerted all sorts of pressure on her. The “audition” consisted of an emotionally abusive “auditing” session where Church officials grilled her on her sexual past. They even demanded that she remove her braces before they were able to have the intended effect on straightening her teeth. They also dyed her hair according to how Tom Cruise wanted. 

Only subsequent to all this, did they tell her that she was being enlisted to be Tom Cruise’s new girlfriend. On account of Scientology’s hold on her, she complied uneasily. Tom Cruise then consummated their relationship right away. Soon after that, though, he complained about her not being sycophantic enough toward their mutual master, Miscavige. Tom Cruise brutally berated her for this, screaming at the top of his lungs, and leaving her frightened and in tears. Tom Cruise then dumped her, and the Church of Scientology punished her by commanding her to conduct grueling manual labor. Still under the sway of the Church, again she complied. The Church of Scientology commandeth, and the Church of Scientology taketh away. It was in following this that the Church selected Katie Holmes as her replacement.

In subsequent years, Nazanin Boniadi has become an ambassador for Amnesty International, speaking up for the need to recognize individual rights in Iran. It is a credit to her courage that she can go on, unstopped by the Tom Cruises of the world.

Upon learning of what Tom Cruise inflicted, I knew there was a real problem with how I had been so oblivious to legitimate concerns about whether or not any of my economic consumptive behaviors had contributed to his further enrichment. The more money that consumers provide to Tom Cruise, the more it conveys to him that he’s doing everything right and has no need to change. In effect, contributing to Tom Cruise’s continued financial success only reinforces his pathological behavior. If you want there to be a reduction in mistreatment, an easy way is to refrain from any financial support to Tom Cruise, avoiding even encouragement of it.

It’s Good to Be ‘Tall’: ‘Tis Much Better to Be True

Stuart K. Hayashi

I have written of this previously (1, 2).

When we last spoke over the phone, you kept saying, “I . . . changed.” Every repetition of that had followed the same pattern. You said I, followed by a long pause, and then said chaannngeddd as a high-pitched moan. The way you had said that was something that had brought tears to my eyes, as “change” is exactly what you did not do. All of the self-destructiveness of your prior years, of which you informed me, you had retained even then. And putting on a show as some sort of success in career and at life is not going to alter that. I want to implore you about a genuine change, a meaningful one.

Yes, it’s good that you seem more comfortable with your great height. It’s good that you no longer upload pictures of yourself that are photoshopped to make you resemble a dead body with a chalky white face. Now, for those who may not have met you face-to-face, you have become insistent on announcing your tallness, and you stress that you climb mountains.

By themselves, those traits might be fine. But more vital than being tall is being true. By that, I mean that you would be best off by dropping the front. When you spent two years trying to look like a dead body it was horribly unflattering, but there is one respect in which it was better: some part of you understood the importance of letting those around you know some inkling of the inner despair from your domestic intra-familial trauma and abuse, and of the need for help. The more-recent try-hard attempts to convey that everything is fine are an even flimsier disguise. 

As you mention your height, people look up to you physically. They can look up to you spiritually as well, should you take control of your psyche and mind and emotions with the help that is needed. Have courage. Have the courage to shed, legally, the last name of the patriarch who facilitated so much abuse, and the maiden name of a paternal grandmother who knew of similar abuse a generation earlier and opted to “look away.” Have the courage to cut out of your life and social media those who have, and still do, reinforce the morbid gestures, as have Corpse Guy, his sister-in-law, and brother. Have the courage to embrace the proper psychiatric diagnosis by which you can help yourself.

The real mountain to climb is the one whose peak is genuine happiness and the mental health that is its prerequisite: the happiness and mental health that are achievable for you in the end, if only you choose them.

Be tall, yes. But more than that, finally be true. That is what I want for you. And I know that — more importantly — somewhere deep down you want that for yourself as well.

I Miss My Troubled, Unwell Norwegian Friend

Stuart K. Hayashi

 

I still worry about my troubled, unwell Norwegian friend, the one I wrote about previously. I mean my troubled friend who was obsessed with child molesters: the one who kept bringing up, out of nowhere, her fascination with child molesters, only for it to turn out later that her paternal grandfather and two of his brothers were all credibly accused of sexually abusing girls over whom they were tasked with watching over.

I dearly wish for reconciliation, but that is not to happen absent of her returning to regular psychiatric care and ending contact with those who were, and likely still are, reinforcing her morbid gestures. I know that that is a prerequisite, and I know it because of what already happened years ago.

Soon before returning to Norway for the summer, she promised me unsolicitedly that when she returned to Norway, she would resume seeing a mental health professional. I did not initiate asking her about it. She took the initiative to make that promise, unprompted by anyone else. While I did not ask this of her, I was greatly relieved by this promise. When she was back in Norway, I asked her about it, and she claimed not to remember. Then she said she doesn’t need a mental health professional anyway. Soon after, she became mostly uncommunicative. But in one of the few times in that duration when she did communicate again, she said she was having panic attacks daily. Then when she returned to O‘ahu, she was uploading onto social media the photoshops that an internet-famous Norwegian artist did of her where she was photoshopped to have a chalky-white face like a corpse’s.

After two years of that, and after returning to Norway for the long term, she stopped uploading the dead-body photos. But then Corpse Artist started uploading pretentiously photoshopped images of himself up in the mountains with his mountain bike. Then my friend followed with photos of herself — no longer with the dead-body face — always hiking on mountain tops. Corpse Artist doesn’t do the corpse art anymore, but his influence is still very much in the picture (sometimes literally). 

And my friend made a big show of legally changing her last name to match her father’s, a last name that was also the maiden name of her paternal grandmother who feigned ignorance about the child sexual abuse inflicted by her husband (my friend’s paternal grandfather). (Previously, my friend’s legal last name was her mother’s.) With my now knowing the history of what happened on her father’s side of the family, I think that though it is much more subtle than the chalky-white-face dead-body photos, the legal name change looks like another morbid gesture. It seems a very try-hard attempt to convey that her relationship with her father is fine; even great.

If I resume contact with my friend, and she’s not angry but instead welcomes reconciliation but doesn’t return to mental-health treatment and stay with it, I know what is going to happen. It will be a repeat of what happened before. She might return to treatment for a little while. But eventually she will stop with it and, when I ask about it, she will feign memory loss about it as she did before. And then all of our interactions will become a repeat of what happened that summer. At first it will again seem be a happy situation. But then my friend will resume making morbid gestures with the expectation that I play along and act as if they are safe and fine. And playing along and acting as if that is safe and fine is tacit reinforcement of the morbid gestures.

My friend first establishing regular psychiatric treatment is necessarily a prerequisite to any attempt at reconciliation.

If my friend sees this: legally remove the name of those who facilitated abuse: the last name of a father who facilitated abuse and the maiden name of a paternal grandmother who “looked the other way” to maintain plausible deniability about abuse that she knew had happened. Cut out of your life and social media those, such as Corpse Artist and his sister-in-law and brother, who reinforce your morbid tendencies. Rather than thanking them for their morbid images, they always should have been blocked, just as they should be now. Return to regular psychiatric care and have the borderline/ emosjonelt ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse diagnosed properly. Make this known publicly. With the danger you have consistently imposed on self and others, even people outside of the inner circle have a right to know about your psychiatric condition and the risks of it. Such important steps would not be for me, but for your own happiness, well-being, and peace. But just as it was in our last phone conversation, you already know that.

Online AI Image-Repackagers and the Libertarian Apologists for Their Art Theft

Such Libertarians Whitewash Regurgitative AI’s Copyright Infringements Not Because They Like the AI But Because They Wish to Erode Copyright Protections Further


Stuart K. Hayashi

There are tremendous issues with what is called “generative AI.” The issue is not with the technology as such, but with the unethical way in which it is being used — a use that the companies behind “generative AI” demand go unpunished by law. And that is a dilemma because it involves the violation of intellectual property rights (IPRs). And on account of their party line from the 1970s being one of undue hostility to IPRs, it is all too common for self-proclaimed libertarians to whitewash the harms being inflicted by the “generative AI” as it currently stands.

The usual people who make use of “generative AI” to produce images, which they call art, supply their own rationalizations for the theft. Artists on social media, such as on the Facebook/Meta Company’s platform Threads, frequently get into arguments with those users, whom they call “AI bros.” Yet such artists are unfamiliar with the rationalizations and motivations by IP-hating libertarians. Thus, when artists on social media come across IP-hating libertarians trying to whitewash “generative AI,” those artists mistake those IP-hating libertarians for the usual AI bros. However, in the context of their propaganda for “generative” AI’s copyright violations, both the motivations and some specific specious arguments of IP-hating libertarians are notably distinct from the AI bros’.

In this essay I shall explain the motivation behind the IP-hating libertarians’ insistence on shoving themselves into this controversy, and how it differs from the AI bros’ intentions. After that, I shall explain a particular specious argument from two IP-hating libertarian journalists who, unlike most IP-hating libertarians, are generally respected among more-mainstream people, such as those on the political center-Left. Then I shall expose the fallacy of that rationalization from the two IP-hating libertarian journalists.

“Generative” AI As Anything But
We begin with an explanation of how “generative AI” trashes intellectual property rights — and how the generative part of that name is a misnomer. Essentially, what happens is this. The user types in what sort of image he wants — an image that we are initially misled to believe comes fully formed out of nowhere. What the user types in is called a “prompt.” And then the image appears.

The truth is that the image does not come from nothing. Rather, what happens is this. The AI sends out “bots” or “crawlers” to crawl the World Wide Web to scrape for data. Upon finding data, such as a copyrighted visual image, the AI produces an exact copy of that image. This is misleadingly referred to as “training” of the AI. Human consumers of this product send prompts to the AI to deliver a new image. Upon this, the AI takes the data it stored and, through use of statistical probabilities, assembles an image derived from that data. This is highly commercialized. Users pay money to the AI companies for this service. Yet the artists who created the actual copyrighted visual images upon which this technology depends, receive no financial remuneration for the economic value that the AI company took from them, the value for which the AI company’s consumers pay to the AI company instead. The AI company did not even ask first for the copyright holders’ permission.

It is thus misleading to say that this technology is “generative.” Nay, it is derived nonconsensually from the economic value that other parties have created. As observed by novelist Maggie North, a more accurate term for this is “regurgitative AI.”

Nor are these, as they have been called, AI image-“generators.” They are image-repackagers. The digital artist Reid Southen notes at the 21-minute, 1-second timestamp, that it is misleading to say that with regurgitative AI, online artists are being expected to compete against a machine. Rather, online artists are expected to compete against “their own work” that has been stolen from them.

And it is not enough for these AI companies that they have been getting away with exactly copying copyrighted artworks absent of the owners’ permission. No, in various countries the AI companies want it codified into statute that copyrights cannot be enforced against AI companies amassing data in this manner. This would involve an expansion of what is known as the Text-and-Data-Mining exception. Previously, various countries have already enacted legislation proclaiming that search engines’ use of bots to crawl websites for data were not a form of copyright infringement. However, the AI companies demand that, in statute, their ability to copy copyrighted artworks completely also be covered under the exception. We shall return to this by the essay’s end.

A false comparison here, made both by AI bros and by IP-hating libertarians, in response to criticism is that the regurgitative AI is just doing what copyright-respecting artists have always done in creating new works inspired by other parties’ artworks that preceded them.

As I have written before, there is a vital distinction between copyright infringement versus one artwork being inspired by other parties’ artworks. IP-hating libertarians note the importance of artists having the freedom to make works greatly influenced by others’. But then those IP-hating libertarians do conflate artistic inspiration with copyright infringement. They do this to rationalize that copyright infringement is actually not bad after all. At the conclusion of this essay I will return to spelling out exactly what is wrong with that equivocation on the IP-hating libertarians’ part.

Here I will point out a crucial difference, though further explanation will have to wait until the end of this essay. For now, it will suffice to remember that when artists produce commercial artworks that still other, preceding artworks have inspired, the artists of the new commercial works do not rely on the production of exact copies of the older works against the consent of older works’ creators. By contrast, it is inherent to the commercial production of new images by the AI that it produces exact copies of the works from which the new images are assembled.

As long as this is done absent of the explicit consent of the owners of the copyrights on the original works the AI is using, the AI companies are indeed directly benefiting financially from the nonconsensual copying and pirating of copyrighted artwork. There are two important values that AI companies owe to copyright holders — first, the revenue accrued from the use of copies made in the data-scraping of the copyrighted artwork and, second and far more important, the ethical acquisition of permission from the copyright holders that should have been sought from the outset.

However, two well-respected, IP-hating libertarian journalists have a reply to this. They say that what the regurgitative AI is doing actually is the same, in principle, as artists making new artworks inspired by other artworks. The two IP-hating libertarian journalists say this is so because, if Artist Bob produces his own commercial work inspired by that of Artist Angela, Artist Bob does necessarily rely on making and storing an exact copy of Artist Angela’s artwork. You are justified in wondering how this possibly could be so. The two IP-hating libertarian journalists continue that the exact copy is stored in Artist Bob’s memory, in his brain. That claim is so asinine that it baffled me initially. That argument departs so substantially from even a remote understanding of memory and human psychology, that I was baffled how two men who are seemingly intelligent could make it.

But now I understand. The desire for IP-hating libertarians to rationalize their desire to undermine IP protection is so ingrained that they will engage in such mental gymnastics. These are two libertarians who claim to have advanced beyond the point of toeing the party line of Murray Rothbard and the other Rothbardians of the 1970s. But in their being latched onto the anti-IP talking points of the 1970s, these two well-respected libertarian journalists are indeed stuck in the party line.

As I said earlier, when artists trying to protect their own artwork come across IP-hating libertarians’ apologetics for regurgitative AI’s copyright theft, those artists usually mistake those IP-hating libertarians for the usual AI bros. I want to rectify that. The IP-hating libertarians pose a specific danger to artists that the usual AI bros do not. The IP-hating libertarians are horrifyingly influential among legal theorists at George Mason University, and I fear that they may even have influence over legal theorists at the University of Chicago. As I have written in previous essays (1, 2), the libertarians’ case against intellectual property relies primarily on a straw-man argument most influentially delivered by a Chicago-school economist. And, as mentioned at the 36-minute, 44-second timestamp, the IP-hating libertarians even have a strong influence over Clarence Thomas on the U.S. Supreme Court.

The vast majority of people in the industrialized world — even ones who have their own complaints about copyright enforcement on websites like YouTube — know better than to swallow the rationalizations of IP-hating libertarians. But as long as they have the ear of legal theorists at George Mason University and a U.S. Supreme Court justice, such IP-hating libertarians still have the power to inflict serious damage upon artists. And these IP-hating libertarians exert influence upon academic legal theorists and jurists in a manner that the run-of-the-mill AI bro does not.

That is why I give special attention to IP-hating libertarians. It is also why, when IP-hating libertarians weigh in on the issue of regurgitative AI’s copyright violations, I implore all artists protective of their work to learn what separates the IP-hating libertarians from the AI bros. (By conventional “AI bros,” I mean the customers of AI companies. I concede that, with his cozying up to Donald Trump, billionaire OpenAI executive Sam Altman also maintains a lot of clout.)

I am writing this essay to explain how the whitewashing of regurgitative AI’s copyright desecrations by IP-hating libertarians is motivated by a particular ideological passive-mindedness — even bigotry — that is uncommon even among the rationalizations of the AI bros. I intend to explain its origins and how this has led to the shockingly bizarre rationalizations of two respected libertarian journalists who, at first glance, seem to be the sort who should know better.

The Motives and Tactics of Those Who Actually Use Regurgitative AI — The “AI Bros” 

When it comes to AI bros who, on social media, very defensively rationalize their use of regurgitative AI and accuse objecting real artists of “gatekeeping,” the motivation and rationalizations are much simpler. These are people who once had a vague desire to create beautiful images from their own hands. However, they found such attempts too frustrating and discouraging, and they quit at it.

But when they first used regurgitative AI, it gave them the feeling that this was the closest they would get to knowing what it would be like for the implementation of their own aesthetic choices to result in a new visual image. Having given up on real visual art, this is the nearest that such people have felt to having come to acquire that sort of empowerment. But then real artists came and ruined that feeling by reproaching these AI bros’ use of the regurgitative AI. Hence, the AI bros have offered a plethora of rationalizations.

One of those rationalizations is that regurgitative AI “democratizes” the creation of visual art. By that standard, real artists who object to regurgitative AI are snooty elitists guilty of “gatekeeping.” But compared to many other pastimes, it’s relatively inexpensive to buy a pencil and paper and start drawing. Other than that the materials are usually purchased by their parents, this is something that is done by literally most four-year-olds. It’s difficult to name a pastime that has fewer and less obtrusive barriers to entry.

The fine arts are considered snooty and elitist in that, among those who use their hands to produce visual art, only a tiny minority have reached the point where the visual art can be called photorealistic. But the reason why this small number of people have reached that elite status is that they put in the effort to earn it. That is snooty and elitist only in the same way that anti-capitalists consider it snooty and elitist that, under free enterprise, the party that satisfies the marketplace demand of willing customers more successfully than others is the party that gets the richest.

Another rationalization is that regurgitative AI allows for disabled people to do art in a way that they could not have done in the more traditional methods. Actually, there are plenty of successful people in the fine arts who are disabled. And the AI bros who consistently make this argument, predictably enough, are people who are conventionally able-bodied.

And another favorite rationalization is one I have tackled before. It is that there is no such thing as artistic originality anyway, which makes art theft okay. In one of her “speed-paint storytime” YouTube videos, the online illustratrix “LavenderTowne” goes over this. Someone told her, “The fact remains that originality doesn’t exist. It’s something every type of artist knows and has known for a century.”

To that, LavenderTowne quips, “Dude, I missed that part in history class where 1920s flappers discovered that originality doesn’t exist.”

Following that quip, LavenderTowne does proceed to provide an argument that is more serious. With respect to the thought-terminating cliché that “All art makes use of already-established conventions, and therefore artistic originality has never existed,” you can also read my own refutation of it.

In her video, LavenderTowne also goes over and refutes several other AI bro rationalizations as well. I recommend it.

In the case of AI bros, the rationalizations are about trying to justify morally an action they have already become accustomed to engaging in. By contrast, I would not be surprised if the IP-hating libertarians who are apologists for regurgitative AI do not even use it. Instead of defending an action they already practice, the IP-hating libertarians who defend regurgitative AI are acting out of a desire to to adhere to an ideological doctrine and dogma to which they have already pledged allegiance and are reluctant to let go of. In the case of the two IP-hating libertarian journalists I intend to single out, they pride themselves on veering away from much of the dogma from the 1970s, but the obsession with denouncing IP is something they still insist on holding onto.

The Half-Century-Old Party Line That IP-Hating Libertarians Will Not Give Up On
Here is a brief history on the IP-hating libertarians from the late twentieth century onward.

As usual, the most fanatical positions taken by self-described libertarians can be traced in the late twentieth century to an economist named Murray N. Rothbard. When the Libertarian Party formed in the 1970s, and Rothbard was still a part of it, he made known his opposition to patent rights. He vocalized, though did not originate, the falsehood that a U.S. utility patent is a government-enforced monopoly on an industry, claiming to hold exclusive ownership over a general idea for a whole category of product. The late, prominent libertarian writer Roy A. Childs, Jr., too, is complicit in this.

Soon after, Wendy McElroy and Samuel Edward Conkin III — self-proclaimed “anarchists” like Rothbard — extended that denunciation and misconception to copyrighted artwork. They conflate an artwork — being a fleshed-out and fully rendered culmination of thousands of creative decisions — as a mere “idea,” as though it is the same in principle as a vague and hazy general idea not given a form by which it can be experienced through the senses.

They then put together the straw man that for an artist to claim ownership over the art she created — the art that is concretely experienced through interfacing with the senses — is to claim ownership over “ideas” in general, including vague hazy ideas of other people that are similar to the general premise of the artwork. As further stitches to their straw man, these IP-hating libertarians pronounce that for you to expect copyright protection over your original artwork is for you to attempt to use the government to police other people’s thoughts. In all seriousness, these IP-hating libertarians propound that copyrights are a form of censorship. One who embraced that standard would have to conclude that plagiarism is the exercise of free speech.

I have rebutted those falsehoods in essays here and here.

There have been two main strategies by which libertarians have tried to undermine intellectual property rights. The first is the blunter approach from the Ludwig von Mises Institute, the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), and Liberty International (formerly the International Society for Individual Liberty). It consists of declaring outright that intellectual property rights are abhorrent and ought to be abolished altogether.

Frighteningly, this fanatical approach has been becoming more mainstream in recent years. We see this with two billionaires, Elon Musk and Twitter cofounder Jack Dorsey. Both of those men have stakes in regurgitative AI and have been hit with well-deserved copyright infringement lawsuits over it.

In response, Jack Dorsey bleated on Twitter, “Delete all IP law.”

To that, Elon Musk replied, “I agree.”

The folly of that tantrum is explained well by Raymond Van Dyke on the blog IP Watchdog, a blog I recommend highly.

Despite the cries for abolition of IP rights now being endorsed by famous billionaires, such fanaticism is, thankfully, still not entertained seriously by most people. For that reason, the libertarian think-tanks that are more sophisticated about the law and public policy exercise a strategy that is more subtle. This is what they do. They have lawyers keep tabs on court cases pertaining to IP enforcement, especially ones that have potential for setting new precedents on how far and how strictly IP enforcement can be applied in future cases. Then they come out with policy briefs and opinion pieces arguing that the court should deliver a ruling that sets a precedent to weaken the ability to enforce IP.

That is the modus operandi of the libertarian think tanks of Washington, D.C., especially visible (1, 2) from the Reason Foundation.

As they know better than to expect any immediate repeal of IP rights, their strategy is to weaken IP little by little.

The Rothbardians of the Mises Institute revile the Reason Foundation and the other D.C. think tanks for having lost interest in a number of Rothbard’s favorite talking points. Reason and the D.C. think tanks are not apologists for the Confederacy of the Civil War. Murray Rothbard, the Mises Institute, and Liberty International propagate the lie that the Confederation had the moral high ground over the Union. Reason and the D.C. think tanks are also not reflexively inclined to proclaim that every Third-World terrorist’s attack on the U.S. military is merely the innocent terrorist striking back against the U.S. military for being an evil empire. Worse to the Rothbardians, Reason and the D.C. think tanks are not full-throated in extolling the glories of anarcho-“capitalism” and “market” anarchy, an illogical and unjust model of society I refuted here.

And the Rothbardians of the Mises Institute fault Reason and the other D.C. think tanks for not calling for immediate destruction of IPRs. To the Mises Institute, the piecemeal approach of Reason and the other D.C. think tanks is a mealy-mouthed milquetoast position. Yet the approach of Reason and the other think tanks has made much more headway. As these think tanks’ adherents are strategically placed in the law and economics departments of George Mason University, it is the situation that Reason and the D.C. think tanks always have the ear of this college’s legal scholars.

As one of the most-cited straw-man arguments of these IP-hating libertarians also comes from a twentieth-century Chicago-school economist, I fear that the IP-hating libertarians’ rationalizations might have influence over the legal scholars of the University of Chicago as well. And intellectual property lawyer Adam Mossoff has pointed out that on account of GMU libertarians in general having an influence over U.S. Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas, the rationalizations against IP rights have correspondingly influenced him. (Admittedly, with Clarence Thomas receiving undisclosed gifts from billionaires, I cannot rule out that Sam Altman and other AI executives might be a devil on his shoulder as well.)

The latest court cases that these IP-hating legal theorists have their eyes on are the copyright suits over regurgitative AI. That is why IP-hating libertarians have inserted themselves into arguments on Threads that online artists have been having against AI bros. Again, online artists too often mistake these IP-hating libertarians for AI bros. But many of these IP-hating libertarians do not use the regurgitative AI; their motives are different. And, again, the danger is that whereas internet-arguers who are customers to AI companies do not have sway over actual influential legal scholars, many IP-hating libertarians do.

Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 Sounding Sane at First
That brings me to two libertarian journalists who come from the Reason Foundation sort of tradition. These two libertarian journalists are relatively well-respected, even by leftwing laymen who follow the news regularly. I will call them Journalist No. 1 and Journalist No. 2.

Journalist No. 1 ran a rather well-known website for philosophic essays pertaining to the libertarian movement and he now hosts a podcast for one of the more-benign remaining libertarian online periodicals, at which he serves a big editorial role. Unlike Reason magazine, this more-benign libertarian online periodical doesn’t plaster around Robby Soave’s smug smirk as he spreads COVID denialism and makes excuses for MAGA’s pathology and paranoia.

Journalist No. 2 once regularly wrote for Reason magazine. But, wisely, in 2024 on Threads he publicly condemned Reason magazine for its foolish whitewashing of MAGA. Journalist No. 2 noticed the psychological evasion on the part of Reason magazine’s editors in pretending that Kamala Harris’s fallacies on political economy and dunder-headed proposed government regulations were somehow at least as bad as — or somehow worse than — Donald Trump’s flagrant rejection of liberal republican Due Process and the rule of law.

There are big areas where both Journalists No. 1 and 2 have distanced themselves from many of the favorite public-policy positions of the Mises Institute and other worshipers of Murray Rothbard. Unlike most Rothbardians — including the vice president of international relations at Liberty International — these two do not whitewash the Confederation as having the moral high ground over Abraham Lincoln in the Civil War. They abhor the white supremacism of the Mises Institute. They criticize the Mises Institute’s bigotry concerning dark-skinned immigrants. And they take positions that most self-avowed libertarians — including those now running Reason magazine — detest as “Woke.”

It is to the credit of Journalist No. 1 that he dissents from transphobia. In attempt to ingratiate themselves to the Intellectual Dark Web that serves as apologist to Donald Trump, it has become near-uniform for libertarians to affirm agreement with all of the most popular denunciations of transgender people and their desire for equal treatment. Journalist No. 1, by contrast, has done podcast episodes where he has conducted interviews dispelling the misconceptions about transgender people that other libertarians have contributed to perpetuating.

Considering the many fanatical positions of the Rothbardians that Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 have shied away from, it may be tempting to assume that Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 are not fanatical themselves. Tragically, such an assumption would be wrong. The two remain devoted to the party line that the libertarian movement formed in the 1970s against intellectual property rights. They have bound themselves to the obligatory hostility to legitimate copyright enforcement. And they take the more gradualist position — rather than demand immediately the abolition of IP, they comment on the latest controversy over IP enforcement and then urge the weakening of that enforcement. Toeing that party line, Journalists No. 1 and 2 interject on the topic of regurgitative AI’s copyright infringements. And the argument they provide on it is astonishing in how ludicrous it is.

Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 Bizarrely Misrepresenting Human Memory in Particular and Human Beings in General
First, Libertarian Journalists 1 and 2 make note of how, in scraping data of online images, the regurgitative AI will make and store an exact copy of the copyrighted image against the copyright holder’s consent. Then, in a very specious obscuring of context, Libertarian Journalists 1 and 2 say that that is exactly what every copyright-holding human artist does. They say that in learning to do fine art, the artist saw other copyrighted images and that her memory produced exact copies of the copyrighted images that she stored in her memory. Then, continue Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2, the artist’s own original works are simply a similar statistics-based reconstituting of other artists’ copyrighted works in the same manner that the regurgitative AI’s regurgitative image is a reconstituting of the images that the AI scraped.

Therefore, conclude Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2, artists who complain about their copyrights being infringed are hypocrites: the AI is doing exactly what those artists do. The implication is that all art is an unoriginal derivative of someone else’s, and therefore actual copyrighted art by human beings is not any less of a copyright infringement than is the output of regurgitative AI. That is not so much to defend regurgitative AI than it is to demean and undermine confidence in the recognition that any artwork deserves strict copyright enforcement at all. Again, the goal is not to call for the abolition of copyrights right away but instead to set a precedent that weakens confidence in, and the ability to enforce, copyrights in the future.

Libertarian Journalist No. 1 has made these assertions repeatedly on his blog and on Threads. Here is one example on the latter. He begins with the insincere hook — which all of his other online writings on this topic belie — “I’m sympathetic to the concern that there is something wrong with the way AI models are trained.” Then he gets to what he actually wants to convey.

But I’ve yet to see a persuasive case that (1) training them specifically constitutes theft of the training materials in a way that (2) doesn’t also entail that a human watching a bunch of movies, internalizing what they’ve learned, and creating new work inspired by them isn’t theft.

Many plainly convincing cases had already been made to Libertarian Journalist No. 1. He just wrote off those convincing cases immediately and arbitrarily because they did not match the conclusion to which he is already married. We can be diplomatic and say that his criteria for what does and doesn’t constitute something “convincing” are . . . idiosyncratic.

This is the same spiel that Libertarian Journalist No. 1 has been repeating over the course of months; perhaps over a year now. In June of 2024, he “asked” rhetorically, “...how is [regurgitative AI] training meaningfully distinct from your reading an article online and then your using the ideas you found to inform an article you write? Should you cut a check to the author of that article?”

And to his comrade, Libertarian Journalist No. 2 chimes in, 

My brain contains copies of many, many copyrighted works at a sufficient level of fidelity that they’d be infringing if I could somehow telepathically beam them to a hard drive. We just very reasonably choose not to apply copyright to brains.

Note the far-fetched boast on the part of Libertarian Journalist No. 2 that his own conscious autobiographical memory of a copyrighted artwork is exact to the same degree — or, as he says, “at a sufficient level of fidelity” — as a perfect digital copy of it. The dubious nature of Libertarian Journalist No. 2’s braggadocio, and that Libertarian Journalist No. 1 is not taken aback by a claim so stark in how it defies credulity, surprised me. Upon my initial reading of that exchange, I felt vicarious embarrassment for them both.

This argument from Journalists No. 1 and 2 is so out of touch with even the most rudimentary understanding of human psychology, artistic ability, and the body’s motor functions inhering in art-making, that it makes Journalists No. 1 and 2 themselves sound not like humans but like an AI — and an AI of an already-obsolete model, ready for the junk heap, at that.

How Human Memory Actually Works, and How That Makes It a Less Effective Tool for Copyright Infringement Than Does Regurgitative AI 

A strong and relatively vivid memory of a particular sight, sound, or other sensation is part of what is called autobiographic memory. If you have committed to heart the plot and dialogue from a beloved movie, that is autobiographic memory at work. More specifically, that involves semantic memory, which is general knowledge, and episodic memory, which is memory of events and the sensations relating to such experiences. But much of those, especially the latter, are subsumed into the larger category of autobiographic memory. With exceptions that are freakishly rare — and I will address that later — even the people with the strongest autobiographic, semantic, and episodic memories cannot produce in their minds a replica of someone else’s art to the exactitude that Libertarian Journalist No. 2 blithely assumes. 

That is the reason why there is such a psychological phenomenon as the Mandela Effect, where people think they remember a detail of the past so strongly and yet that detail turns out inaccurate. A famous example is that they strongly remember the children’s books being titled The Berenstein Bears instead of The Berenstain Bears with an a in the -stain where they expected an e to be. Even real artists with very strong autobiographic, semantic, and episodic memories are often bedeviled by the Mandela Effect, giving the lie to Libertarian Journalist No. 2’s conceit that his “brain contains copies of many, many copyrighted works at a sufficient level of fidelity that they’d be infringing” on copyright if he could “telepathically beam” those memories “to a hard drive.”

As I will explain soon, even the extremely rare people with memories as strong as what Libertarian Journalist No. 2 claims to have are people who cannot reproduce other people’s artworks manually with their own paint brushes and other art supplies if they have not practiced, for years, the same artistic medium as any work that they could possibly intend to copy. That is because for an actual artist to reproduce another’s work with the same degree of fidelity as the regurgitative AI is capable, the would-be copycat artist must fulfill an additional requirement. For the would-be copycat artist to succeed at being a copycat, she must employ another form of memory that Libertarian Journalists No. 1 and 2 have not mentioned, and which they are apparently trying to conflate with autobiographic memory.

There is an extremely small number of people on Earth — fewer than one-hundred documented — that do have perfect autobiographic, semantic, and episodic memories. And at least one very high-profile one even is an artist. That is the actress Marilu Henner. She has proven to psychologists that she is able to remember the exact and minute details of events she observed from decades past. She has given details of memories of a particular day’s events from years earlier and, when psychologists have investigated those details, they always check out.

I doubt, however, that Libertarian Journalist No. 2 is among one of those one-hundred people with perfect autobiographic, semantic, and episodic memories. The chances of that are less than 1 in 80 million.

And even with her perfect autobiographic memory, if Marilu Henner tried to produce a perfect copy of a work she observed that involved artistic media other than acting, and which she had not been practicing for years, she would not succeed. That is on account of the fact that artists who have strong autobiographic, semantic, and episodic memories still rely on another form of memory both in their original works and in imitations — another form of memory, one that that Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 have ignored, and which regurgitative AI bypasses in its own imitations of copyrighted works.

That other form of memory is “muscle memory.” Autobiographic, semantic, and episodic memory are held on the conscious level, and that is not enough for an artist to reproduce manually the work of another. That, and all professional-level real art, requires the acquisition and exercise of muscle memory not through conscious memorizing with one’s cerebrum but subconsciously through consistent practice as the artist moves other parts of her body.

Consider the “Get What You Deserve” speech that Joaquim Phoenix delivers in the movie Joker. Many of the movie’s fans felt inspired by that speech and committed it to memory — their autobiographic, semenatic, and episodic memories. If I committed that speech to memory and video-recorded myself reciting it, it would not duplicate Joaquim Phoenix’s performance in such a manner that Warner Brothers would identify it as infringement on the movie studio’s copyright. Even aside from my inborn physical differences from Joachin Phoenix, such as my nose being shaped differently from his, my reciting the speech would result in my using a different tone, in my vocal inflections being different, and the gestures of my upper body being dissimilar.

Comparing, side by side, Joachim Phoenix’s performance against my verbatim recitation of his speech, you would notice that Phoenix is a pro whereas I am worse than an amateur. All of those nuances, which eventually add up to a powerful effect, are part of the muscle memory for which Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 have neglected to account.

If, through his own muscle memory and use of traditional art supplies like paintbrushes, Professional Artist No. 2 did successfully produce an exact copy of Professional Artist No. 1’s copyrighted work against her consent, then Artist No. 1 would be right to sue him. But the costly demands of an actual artist building up muscle memory to that point has made it relatively unusual for real artists to infringe upon one another so blatantly. Hence, while this sort of unauthorized duplication has always been a problem and worry, it was something that, relatively speaking, real artists have not had to worry as much about. Note that with both her perfect autobiographic memory and acting experience, Marilu Henner is one of the handful of people on Earth who could reproduce Joachim Phoenix’s body language perfectly if she delivered her own rendition of his “Get What You Deserve” speech. And note that even she does not infringe on copyright in the way that Libertarian Journalist No. 2 insinuates that all artists do in practice.

By contrast, regurgitative AI bypasses the limitations of muscle memory in humans. For that reason, regurgitative AI makes it cheaper to infringe on copyrighted works through accurate duplications, making it likelier that these forms of piracy will occur on a much larger scale than before. As a consequence, real artists — whom Libertarian Journalist No. 1 tries to gaslight for being “arrogant” gatekeepers — are, in fact, entirely reasonable in worrying about abuses from this new threat.

IP-Hating Libertarians Getting Something They Deserve
Fortunately the tech journalist Brian Penny, whom I think is politically center-Left, gives Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 the ridicule they have rightfully earned. In reply he posts,

Absolutely nobody in the history of humanity ever once learned anything by consuming billions to trillions of hours of anything and then magically becoming an instant expert. That is a myth, and it’s a dumb one. You’ve surely read at least one book or heard one interview in your life talking about people practicing and getting better over time by doing, not by sitting still and binging billions to trillions of hours. . . . You can’t be serious.

As for stealing, go into Walmart right now and start reading every book or watching every DVD. Report back how many you get through before they approach you for theft. Your perspective is too derpy...even [to] be believable.🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️

To reinforce the point further, Brian Penny had some visual aid. On the right for a Threads post he had a professional artist’s illustration of the Marvel Comics character Wolverine. On the left was Mr. Penny’s own amateurish and crude drawing of the same character — the sort he would have done at age four. With that illustration, Mr. Penny calls attention,

If watching a bunch of X-Men movies and the animated series and reading their comics and playing with their action figures growing up made me an artist, then why does my Wolverine look like an underdeveloped child drew it?

Mine is the head on the left 😹😹😹 the one on the right was what AI bros keep telling me I need to stare at to learn like a human.

Mr. Penny was correct in all of that except for his assumption that Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 are conventional AI bros rather than ideologues who don’t even use regurgitative AI and are instead still trapping themselves in this part of Rothbardian dogma from the 1970s. When I first read the works of Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2, I thought they were too smart to believe in something as absurd as what they have stated seriously on this topic. But rationalizations so absurd are what allegedly intelligent people fall into when they will not release themselves from this dogma that does nothing but begrudge our intellectual property rights.

Libertarian Journalist No. 1 has also repeatedly said that regurgitative AI imagery is the same, in principle, as search engines sending out bots and crawlers over websites to gather data on them, all without the permission of those websites. That, too, is false. When owners of websites withhold permission from search engines to obtain particular data, the websites’ codes contain what are called robots.txt exclusion protocols. When a website possesses a robots.txt protocol, the search engine abides by it. By contrast, as shown in this NPR piece, the regurgitative AI’s bots flagrantly disregard and bypass the robots.txt protocol. This indicates that the businessmen who own the regurgitative AI are aware that they do not have permission to scrape data, and then they do it anyway. No, Libertarian Journalist No. 1, contrary to your assumptions, it is not the same in principle at all.

Again, one of the AI bros’ favorite rationalizations is that “AI democratizes art.” It definitely has not, but that word does describe something related that is far more important and far more interesting. Digital technology truly has enabled a human being of relatively modest financial means to create and upload digital content. On account of such technology, the number of people creating their own genuinely original videos, and uploading those videos, has increased substantially since the year 2005. To the degree that the digital technology enabled that person to be the party making most of the creative choices directly, that technology has truly has helped to democratize content-creation. First dibs on ownership of such a piece of content must rightfully go to its creator. Hence, insofar as it has helped regular people — not only corporation-backed professionals — produce and distribute content, the technology has helped democratize copyrights themselves, the same copyrights that AI firms are now trying to deny.

In short, digital technology — AI and all the rest — has not democratized artistic skill. Artistic skill remains the exclusive province of those who put in the years of practice. Digital technology has, however, democratized intellectual property rights themselves, the very property rights that AI bros and libertarians wish to erase.

Use of this regurgitative AI will not be ethical until the data on which it “trains” come exclusively from copyright holders who offer explicit permission in an opt-in system. That is, absent of the explicit permission, the data are not to be used. Until such time, we can only hope that, in defiance of Libertarian Journalists Nos. 1 and 2 and the Reason Foundation’s essays urging otherwise, actual reason prevails and the artists win their civil suits against the corporate owners of the regurgitative AI.

On that note, I can end this essay with some good news. Earlier I mentioned that AI companies are lobbying the governments of many countries to expand their respective Text-and-Data-Mining exceptions statutorily to cover AI copying of copyrighted artworks, immunizing these companies against such lawsuits. Fortunately, good sense prevailed in Australia, as that country’s government publicly recognized that no such Text-and-Data-Mining exception should exempt AI companies from the rightful consequences of their infringements.

I learned of this from German animatrix Kim McMahon. In her YouTube video on this subject, she read out loud Russh magazine’s paraphrasing of the Australian government’s astute evaluation: “...copyright is not a barrier to progress, but a foundation of both creative and digital economies.” If we are to clean up the mess of AI slop, then more of this sage thinking is what we need.

On Saturday, December 13, 2025, I added the points about the Australian government and the call to expand the Text-and-Data-Mining exception. I also added the image of Libertarian Journalist No. 1 making his sarcastic crack and straw-man about remembering ideas from an article and therefore having to cut a check to the author.